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- Chemistry: Water Pollution
- Phosphates in Water Pollution
-
- Phosphates may be created by substituting some or all of the
- hydrogen of a phosphoric acid by metals. Depending on the number of
- hydrogen atoms that are replaced, the resulting compound is described as
- a primary, secondary or tertiary phosphate. Primary and secondary
- phosphates contain hydrogen and are acid salts. Secondary and tertiary
- phosphates, with the exception of those of sodium, potassium and
- ammonium are insoluble in water. Tertiary sodium phosphate is valuable
- as a detergent and water softener. The primary phosphates tend to be
- more soluble.
- Phosphates, which are an important component to metabolism in
- both plants and animals, help in the first step in oxidation of glucose
- in the body. Primary calcium phosphate is an ingredient of plant
- fertilizer.
- Phosphates have caused increasing attention recently. The focus
- is on the environmentally harmful effects in household detergents.
- Wastewater, from laundering agents, contains phosphates, which are said
- to be a water pollutant.
- Most laundry detergents contain approximately 35% to 75% sodium
- triphosphate (Na5P3O10), which serves two purposes. Providing an
- alkaline solution (pH 9.0 to 10.5) is necessary for effective cleansing
- and also to tie up calcium and magnesium ions found in natural waters
- and prevent them from interfering with the cleansing role of the
- detergent.
- Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water,
- in which festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes.
- Phosphorus compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether
- free-floating algae or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated
- in eutrophication. Many countries control phosphate levels, whereas
- Switzerland has banned the use of phosphates.
- The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than
- the terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile for the reasons that nutrients
- are generally present in very low concentrations, permanently consumed
- by living organisms and pollutants diffuse rapidly.
- Lakes and rivers are extremely complex ecosystems. Nutrients are
- taken up by both algae and rooted weeds. The weeds act as a shelter for
- fish larvae and zooplankton, both of which eat algae and are, in turn,
- eaten by larger fish. Scientists have concluded that unpolluted lakes
- can absorb surprisingly large amounts of phosphates without uncertainty.
- When a fertilizer, such as a phosphate, is added more algae will grow,
- and consequently will the populations of zooplankton and fish.
- Difficulties only arise when the lake is already impure. Zooplankton are
- sensitive to their environment and many substances are toxic to them. If
- any of these substances, including phosphates, are present the
- zooplankton population cannot increase. Adding phosphates to this
- polluted system will case algae growth. The floating masses cut off the
- light supply. Weeds die and decompose using up dissolved oxygen, and
- causing sulfurous smells and plagues. Deprived of shelter and food, the
- fish larvae starve. The lake is well on the way to catastrophe.
- Without wetlands there would be a minimal amount of fresh
- drinking water due to the fact that wetlands filter the waters of our
- lakes, rivers and streams, sequentially reducing contamination of water.
- The plant growth in wetlands removes phosphates and other plant
- nutrients washed in from the surrounding soil, consequently restricting
- the growth of algae and aquatic weeds. This growth is a serious problem
- in some of CanadaÆs major waterways, where dead and decaying algae
- deprive the deeper waters of their oxygen.
- Researches at Lancaster University have studied lakes whose
- plant and animal life has been killed by acid rain. The excess acid in
- the lakes can be neutralized easily by adding lime, but this makes the
- waters rich in calcium. Life will gradually return to the lake but, as
- these lakes should have low calcium levels, it will not be the same kind
- of life that existed in lakes before pollution. The answer, they have
- concluded, is to add phosphates.
- These phosphates work by shielding the water. This depends upon
- nitrate ions in the lake. Contradictory, these ions also are produced by
- acid rain, contain oxides of nitrogen from combustion sources. These
- fertilizers do not alter the pH level of the water. Instead, they
- stimulate the growth of plants. The plants absorb the dissolved
- nitrates, generating hydroxide ions, which in return neutralize the
- excess acid.
- Removal of phosphates from detergent is not likely to slow algae
- growth in containing substances. It may actually prove disastrous. Its
- replacement with borax will definitely be disastrous. Scientists are
- unsure of borax role in plant growth. It is not required by algae and
- other micro plants, but it is essential to higher plants. However in
- excessive quantities, about 5 micrograms of boron per gram of water,
- boron severely damages plant life. Highly alkaline substances, gel
- proteins and sodium hydroxide is hazardous substances.
- Another concern is the fact that each year thousands of children swallow
- detergents resulting in serious injuries or death.
- In conclusion, the only way to overcome the disastrous effects
- of phosphates is to find an alternate. However, an acceptable substitute
- for phosphates has not yet been found. Washing only with synthetic
- detergents would require so much detergent that the cost per wash would
- increase significantly. Another alternative is the substitution of
- synthetic nonionic detergents for ionic detergents in use. Nonionic
- detergents are not precipitated by Calcium of Magnesium ions. This
- would reduce the risk contaminating our lakes and rivers.
-